When it comes to the choices available, most people have to ask themselves the ultimate question, “SQL or NoSQL?” Both SQL and NoSQL have their strengths and weaknesses, and you should choose the one that fits your application requirements the best. This is a potential solution for handling multiple calls to a database. Sort: Best match. For decades, SQL databases used to be one of the only choices for developers looking to build large, scalable systems. Relational databases. Mongo does support ACID transactions in a limited sense, but not in all cases. A column-family table class of NoSQL data stores builds on the key-valuepair type. Redis. Databases: Concepts, commands, codes, interview questions and more... Hyperlite database is an event-based, nonblocking mechanism NoSql database written purely in Python, Pure python, embedded, fast, schema-less, NoSQL database. We’ll be going through some examples here, but you should also check out the complete documentation since we won’t be able to cover everything. Examples of DDL statements are: DataStax leverages Apache Cassandra for distribution … Documents are meant to be all-encompassing, which means, in general, they shouldn’t need to reference other documents. Datais organized into tables, each with a set series of columns with anassociated type. Redis is an open source in-memory data structure server … MongoDB is a document-oriented, open-source database program that is platform-independent. Click to learn more about author Akshay Pore. Redis Enterprise is the best version of Redis. Once you have a connected instance of MongoClient, you can access any of the databases within that Mongo server. Often NoSQL databases opt for simpler horizontal scaling to clusters of servers. How do the best open source NoSQL databases stand up to their challenges? Free Bonus: Click here to download a Python + MongoDB project skeleton with full source code that shows you how to access MongoDB from Python. Join us and get access to hundreds of tutorials, hands-on video courses, and a community of expert Pythonistas: Master Real-World Python SkillsWith Unlimited Access to Real Python. As for the operations side of things, there are quite a few tools and features for MongoDB that you just can’t find with any other database system: If you take advantage of the indexing features, much of this data will be kept in memory for quick retrieval. Python can also interact with NoSQL databases in a similar way as is interacts with Relational databases. Storing data in your database is as easy as calling just two lines of code. This is what allows the data to be so flexible and not require a schema. In case you are new to MongoDB, you can learn it in our tutorial here. NoSQL databases do not have a schema. In MongoDB terminology, a collection is a group of documents that are stored together within the database. How to Work with NoSQL Database in Python using PyMongo a. Once installed, within a new terminal window, use the following command to start the Mongo daemon: NOTE: Depending on your install method, you may need to run mongod with sudo. they're used to gather information about the pages you visit and how many clicks you need to accomplish a task. While quite a few Python libraries exist to help you work with MongoDB, MongoEngine is one of the better ones as it has a nice mix of features, flexibility, and community support without becoming too opinionated. Feel free to let us know your thoughts in the comments section! PostgreSQL is extensible and suitable for … And even without indexing on specific document keys, Mongo caches quite a bit of data using the least recently used method. The first thing you’ll want to do is to install PyMongo in your virtual environment. The supported data types for Oracle NoSQL Database. Throughout this article we’ll show you how to use Python to interface with the popular MongoDB (v3.4.0) database, along with an overview of SQL vs. NoSQL, PyMongo (v3.4.0), and MongoEngine (v0.10.7), among other things. This is a collaboration piece between Scott Robinson, author of Stack Abuse and the folks at Real Python. NoSQL is an open -source database. Exit the shell once done. Exploration of using RaspPi as an automated test center with a web interface for electric actuators, sensors, and other control devices, Ansible role for deploying and configuring Aerospike (NoSQL database). Put another way, you’ll have to write a lot of your own code to consistently save, retrieve, and delete objects. Based on your requirements, you can opt for any of the 4 basic types of NoSQL databases. Firestore is Google’s cloud-hosted NoSQL database service offering. As this article puts it: If your active data sits in the relational schema comfortably and the JSON content is a cohort to that data then you should be fine with PostgreSQL and it’s much more efficient JSONB representation and indexing capabilities. In this course you will learn how to to build an entire web application with CouchDB and learn techniques such as querying with JavaScript, working with nested data, and creating views. This method takes an array of document data: NOTE: Don’t worry that your ObjectIds don’t match those shown above. Get a short & sweet Python Trick delivered to your inbox every couple of days. This book aims to make the reader proficient in interacting with databases such as MySQL, SQLite, MongoDB, and Cassandra. In a document database, each key pairs with a document. An implementation of No SQL databases for Python web applications, Sentiment analysis of a dataset of tweets, A data mapping of DBLP from relational to NoSQL - cassandra. The features available at the developer’s disposal make it incredibly easy to create an efficient and scalable program. Also see Data Types for a description of how database types map to Python. Depending on your specific scenario, the use of a SQL database may be preferred, while in other scenarios NoSQL is the more obvious choice to make. There are several key benefits of the service, namely: Flexible data storage (NoSQL) Native libraries support most popular languages (Python) MongoEngine handles the lazy de-referencing automatically upon access, which is more robust and less error-prone than having to remember to do it yourself everywhere in your code. Let’s now shift our attention to the main focus of this article and shed some light on the specifics of MongoDB. Mongo also lacks support for native joins, which must be done manually (and therefore much more slowly). DataStax and DataStax Enterprise Platform. Therefore many will argue that Mongo should be used as a complementary database to a SQL DB, but as you use MongoDB you’ll find that is not necessarily true. The different data … Complete this form and click the button below to gain instant access: Get a Full "Python + MongoDB" Example Project (Source Code). If we want to find more than one document, we can use the find() method. It is highly scalable … 76 reviews. So, what if our complex Python application needs a database that’s just as flexible as the language itself? We’ll use this to communicate with the running database instance. The second line is where you actually insert the data in to the collection using the insert_one() method: We can even insert many documents at a time, which is much faster than using insert_one() if you have many documents to add to the database. If you’re not using a Mac, you can find some great guides on installation from the Install MongoDB page of the official docs. Now the base Document object can use that information to validate the data we provide it. In case you aren’t familiar with it, MongoDB is a NoSQL database which has become pretty popular throughout the industry in recent years. In this chapter we will use python to interact with MongoDB as a NoSQL database. We use optional third-party analytics cookies to understand how you use GitHub.com so we can build better products. ), stores its data in documents using a JSON structure. © 2012–2020 Real Python ⋅ Newsletter ⋅ Podcast ⋅ YouTube ⋅ Twitter ⋅ Facebook ⋅ Instagram ⋅ Python Tutorials ⋅ Search ⋅ Privacy Policy ⋅ Energy Policy ⋅ Advertise ⋅ Contact❤️ Happy Pythoning! These limits are not relevant on-premise. MongoDB nosql database most popular MongoDB is the most well known among NoSQL Databases. If the document already exists in the database, then all of the changes will be made on the atomic level to the existing document. When choosing a database you should consider the strengths and weaknesses of each database carefully. We saw in this article how we can exploit the strengths of MongoDB to our advantage and build a highly flexible and scalable application. In this Python NoSQL Database tutorial, we use the library pymongo. In that first part, I explained different NoSQL Database types and provided a few use cases suitable for each type. MongoDB, like some other NoSQL databases (but not all! Many excellent Relational databases available, those are good for Python applications. Enjoy free courses, on us →, by Real Python Python can be used in database applications. Whatever tool you use to run a security scan against NoSQL databases, remember to be responsible. Graphic application for real time application with ArangoDB. We will Use the CouchDB NoSQL database as an example to learn how to create and replicate databases, load and query data, and other operations. To retrieve a document, we’ll use the find_one() method. This Cursor is an iterable object that contains quite a few helper methods to help you work with the data. With this, you can now achieve much of the same with Postgres as you can with Mongo, but you still don’t get many of the Mongo advantages (like horizontal scaling and the simple interface, etc.). You got to ensure you are running against your own database instance or authorized to run the test. Its highly … Neo4j. At a fraction of the total cost of ownership (TCO), our open source distributed database offers high availability and high performance with zero administration. The official driver published by the Mongo developers is called PyMongo. NoSQL databases provide features of retrieval and storage of data in a much different way than their relational database counterparts. MongoDB is a document-oriented, open-source database program that is platform-independent. This time, let’s find all of the posts written by Scott: The main difference here is that the document data isn’t returned directly to us as an array. This is the second part of an on-going series on NoSQL Databases, the first part was NoSQL Data Architecture & Data Governance: Everything You Need to Know. Two industry leaders, ElasticSearch and RavenDB, are reviewed by their approach toward and implementation of 10 parameters: data integrity, security, data model, version control, querying, data delivery, sharding, communication, memory management, and scaling out. (depending on type of NoSQL database), Not every record has to be of the same nature, making it very flexible, Add new properties to data without disturbing anything, Support for ACID transactions can vary depending on which NoSQL DB is used, You have support for many of the standard query types, like matching (, You can store virtually any kind of data - be it structured, partially structured, or even polymorphic, To scale up and handle more queries, just add more machines, It is highly flexible and agile, allowing you to quickly develop your applications, Being a document-based database means you can store all the information regarding your model in a single document, You can change the schema of your database on the fly, Many relational database functionalities are also available in MongoDB (e.g. PyMongo is the official Python driver for MongoDB. Redis Labs. There you’ll find tutorials on installing MongoDB for Linux, OS X, and Windows. This Open Source NoSQL database is i can say most user friendly and secure. How do you make sure that the data you’re saving conforms to some format you need? Just because a database is said to be schema-less doesn’t mean it is schema-free. So, for example, if we try to save a Post without a title then it’ll throw an Exception and let us know. Document Databases. Some of the bestsellers include leading NoSQL database from scratch, Neo4j and Cypher, learn big data testing with NoSQL using Cassandra and HBase. See Oracle NoSQL Database Cloud Limits. Related Tutorial Categories: They are dynamically generated when you insert data and consist of a Unix epoch, machine identifier, and other unique data. For example, PostgreSQL now supports storing and querying JSON data, much like Mongo. 7. We cover things like SQL and NoSQL databases and how to interact with them using Python. Each key-value pair is considered a row in the store while thecolumn family is similar to a table in the relational database model. There are quite a few more parameters like this we can set, including: Each field type has its own set of parameters, so be sure to check the documentation for more info. Many know it as a flexible language that can handle just about any task. Each tutorial at Real Python is created by a team of developers so that it meets our high quality standards. To establish a connection we’ll use the MongoClient object. It is the official driver published by Mongo developers. PostgreSQL is an ORDBMS (Object Relational Database Management System) available for major operating system platforms. Python Database Tutorials. Similar to many other ORMs, we’ll do this by subclassing the Document class and providing the types of data we want: NOTE: One of the more difficult tasks with database models is validating data. Often NoSQL databases opt for simpler horizontal scaling to clusters of servers. See Supported Data Types. To set up our document object, we need to define what data we want our document object to have. This tutorial will give the reader a better understanding of MongoDB concepts needed in integrating MongoDB in your Python applications. If using Homebrew, run this command: Once done, follow the directions here to set up the data directory for storing data locally. MongoEngine is an object document mapper (ODM), which is roughly equivalent to a SQL-based object relational mapper (ORM). MongoDB is a leading open-source N0SQL database that is written in C++. Leave a comment below and let us know. In this simple model, we’ve told MongoEngine that we expect a Post instance to have a title, content, an author, and the date it was published. indexing), Whether you need a standalone server or complete clusters of independent servers, MongoDB is as scalable as you need it to be, MongoDB also provides load balancing support by automatically moving data across the various shards, It has automatic failover support - in case your primary server goes down, a new primary will be up and running automatically, The MongoDB Management Service or MMS is a very nice web tool that provides you with the ability to track your machines, Thanks to the memory mapped files, you’ll save quite a bit of RAM, unlike relational databases, PyMongo will perform validation when you call, Since Mongo doesn’t support true transactions, there is no way to “roll back” the. In order to connect to MongoDB, python uses a library known as pymongo. For the Oracle NoSQL Database Cloud Service limits. Use the following code to do so: Using the snippet above, the connection will be established to the default host (localhost) and port (27017). Often NoSQL databases opt for simpler horizontal scaling to clusters of servers. What’s your #1 takeaway or favorite thing you learned? ... Hyperlite database is an event-based, nonblocking mechanism NoSql database written purely in Python. Within the Python shell, type: Here we specify the name of our database and location. basics No spam ever. Here is an example of creating and saving a document: A few things to note about the .save() call: What happens when you leave off the title? Once you are done with the setup, start your Python console and run the following command: If it runs without raising any exception within the Python shell then your install worked just fine. Learn more. If you’re on a Mac, we recommend using Homebrew, but you may have a different preference. This is also an open-source, distributed NoSQL database system. A NoSQL database refers to a database whose storage format is modeled differently from relational databases. While at first Mongo may seem like it’s the solution to many of our database problems, it isn’t without its drawbacks. Learning how use Firebase nosql database. Almost there! We use optional third-party analytics cookies to understand how you use GitHub.com so we can build better products. '_id': ObjectId('584c4afdea542a766d254241'), , # This will perform an atomic edit on "title", Click here to download a Python + MongoDB project skeleton with full source code, Suitable for solutions where every record is of the same kind and possesses the same properties, Adding a new property means you have to alter the whole schema, May be stored as JSON, key-value, etc. The abstraction provided by MongoEngine is class-based, so all of the models you create are classes. There are 4 basic types of NoSQL databases: Another criterion to choose NoSQL is an assessment of project or volume generated: Their data storage needs cannot be fulfilled by one machine. Now let’s get started with the basics of PyMongo. One library that provides a higher abstraction on top of PyMongo is MongoEngine. For more information, see our Privacy Statement. ... Clients are available for Java, Scala, .Net, C/C++, Python, and Node.js, and one for Go is in the works. SQL databases use Structured Query Language(SQL) in defining and manipulating data. They are flexible. We can take this even further and add more restrictions, like string length. We use essential cookies to perform essential website functions, e.g. Features unique to Hazelcast. Learn more, A Python Framework For NoSQL Scanning and Exploitation, Python Driver for ArangoDB with built-in validation. The team members who worked on this tutorial are: Master Real-World Python Skills With Unlimited Access to Real Python. CLI interaction with a NoSQL-esque database that provides add, delete and search by value. This means you can store data in the same way as you would require it after performing a query. they're used to log you in. Learn more, We use analytics cookies to understand how you use our websites so we can make them better, e.g. basics RavenDB is the pioneer NoSQL Document Database that is fully transactional (ACID) across your database and throughout your cluster. Alternative storage abstractions are explained on the NoSQL page.. Relational databases store data in a series of tables. MongoDB, like some other NoSQL databases (but not all! Rather, it describes the languageby which one retrieves data from a RDBMS, or Relational Database ManagementSystem. Top Rated. Tweet There are quite a few more field classes (and parameters) than what we introduced here, so be sure to check out the documentation on Fields for more info. Data in NoSQL databases are typically stored in a way that is optimized for queries. In this, i have learn how to use MongoDB database using python's connector. MongoDB is a scalable and accessible database. Redis Labs: home of Redis. To most, SQL is synonymous with \"database\". Curated by the Real Python team. Unsubscribe any time. In our example below, we want to retrieve the post that was written by Bill: You may have noticed that the post’s ObjectId is set under the _id key, which we can later use to uniquely identify it if needed. It is an Open-Source database which is Document-oriented. You can also specify the host and/or port using: All of these calls to MongoClient will do the same thing; it just depends on how explicit you want to be in your code. Now that we’ve described what MongoDB is exactly, let’s find out how you’d actually use it with Python. databases. How are you going to put your newfound skills to use? NoSQL databases overcome this disadvantage. To specify which database you actually want to use, you can access it as an attribute: Or you can also use the dictionary-style access: It doesn’t actually matter if your specified database has been created yet. If it doesn’t exist, however, then it will be created. The first thing that we need to do in order to establish a connection is import the MongoClient class. MongoDB. NoSQL databases do not care whether there is a duplication of data because storage is not an issue with NoSQL databases. Notice that some of the fields have a max_length parameter set. Since we’re still using the default host and port, you can omit these parameters. The lone argument that we’ll use here (although it supports many more) is a dictionary that contains fields to match. A document is a complex data … MongoDB. However, analysis and visualization tools need to interact with the data stored in various formats such as relational and NOSQL databases. You signed in with another tab or window. In the real world this doesn’t always work as much of the data we work with is relational by nature. In recent years, SQL and NoSQL databases have even begun to merge. NoSQL standouts: The best document databases. To get each document, just iterate over the result: While PyMongo is very easy to use and overall a great library, it’s probably a bit too low-level for many projects out there. However, transactions dealing with multiple documents are not supported due to Mongo’s distributed nature. MySQL, PostgreSQL, MS SQL Server, and Oracle are all examples ofRDBMSs.The word \"Relational\" in the acronym RDBMS is the most informative. Neo4j was originally implemented on Java and Scala and then extended to use in different platforms, such as Python. InfinityDB uses a rugged internal storage update protocol for persistence on demand or … With Python being a high-level, highly scalable, modern language, it needs a database (and driver) that can keep up to its potential, which is why MongoDB is such a good fit. Neo4j is a graph-based database that is excellent in handling not only data but also data … Some of the more important features are: First, I think it's important to clarify that NoSql is an umbrella term for several classes of database. You can always update your selection by clicking Cookie Preferences at the bottom of the page. NoSQL databases are often used for large data web applications. Stuck at home? ElasticSearch. One of the most popular NoSQL database is MongoDB. NoSQL databases are divided into categories based on the data model. This is what allows the data to be so flexible and not require a schema. ), stores its data in documents using a JSON structure. This tells the Document, as you probably guessed, to only allow a maximum string length of however many characters we specify. Email. But my suggestion is PostgreSQL. Retrieving a collection is as easy as getting a database. Neo4j is a NoSQL graph database built from the ground up to leverage the data and the data relationships. InfinityDB. A NoSQL database refers to a database whose storage format is modeled differently from relational databases. In case you’re looking for more help related to MongoEngine, be sure to check out their comprehensive user guide. MongoDB is an object-oriented, dynamic, scalable and simple NoSQL database based on … 109 ratings. NoSQL databases are often used for large data web applications. This is where NoSQL, and specifically MongoDB, come in to play. Number of operations cannot be fulfilled by one machine. By specifying this database name and saving data to it, you create the database automatically. Why PyMongo – PyMongo was created to incorporate advantages of python as the programming language and MongoDB as database. The first line specifies which collection you’ll be using (posts in the example below). A NoSQL database refers to a database whose storage format is modeled differently from relational databases. databases An example: In the code above, using a document reference, we can easily find the author of the first post. Python is a powerful programming language used for many different types of applications within the development community. One common drawback you’ll hear about Mongo is its lack of support for ACID transactions. This is a good place to start when first firing Python up with MongoDB. The method to use here is insert_many(). Next, you have to install the actual MongoDB database. Within each class there are several competing implementing databases. Consider the following example where a function is used to modify the default queryset (which returns all objects of the collection). Instead we get an instance of the Cursor object. Simple NoSQL wrapper for Postgres' JSONB type. With MongoEngine being object oriented, you can also add methods to your subclassed document. SQL, an acronym for Structured Query Language,is not a database technology itself, however. The database storage abstraction most commonly used in Python web development is sets of relational tables. Once installed, we need to direct the library to connect with our running instance of Mongo. At the single-document level, ACID transactions are supported (which is where most transactions take place anyway). If you often work on NoSQL, you may be interested in exploring these clients to … Here are a few differences between the two: There are many other differences between the two types of databases but those mentioned above are some of the more important differences to know. For this we will have to use the connect() function and pass the host and port of the MongoDB database to it. If though, your data model is that of a collection of mutable documents then you probably want to look at a database engineered primarily around JSON documents like MongoDB or RethinkDB. Description Python is becoming increasingly popular among data scientists. Installing the Prerequisites of NoSQL Database in Python. Complaints and insults generally won’t make the cut here. However, the ever-increasing need for the ability to store complex data structures led to the birth of NoSQL databases, which allow a developer to store heterogeneous and structure-less data. The SQL vs. NoSQL Difference. Neo4j connects data as it’s stored, enabling queries at high speed. Explore is a REPL Data Manager with Python Integration. Join us and get access to hundreds of tutorials, hands-on video courses, and a community of expert Pythonistas: Real Python Comment Policy: The most useful comments are those written with the goal of learning from or helping out other readers—after reading the whole article and all the earlier comments. Collections and documents are akin to SQL tables and rows, respectively. Examples of NoSQL databases are MongoDB, Cassandra, Neo4J, and HBase; Those for SQL databases are MySQL, Oracle, Microsoft SQL Server, and Postgres. To save a document to our database, we’ll use the save() method. Go beyond … It makes use of asynchronous workers to keep the two databases (SQL and NoSQL) in sync while improving the response of the Service by using NoSQL Database for reading queries. The easiest way to do this is with pip: NOTE: For a more comprehensive guide check out the Installing / Upgrading page of the docs and follow the steps there to get set up. Share From all of these examples you should be able to see that MongoEngine is well suited to manage your database objects for just about any type of application. This section contains all of our tutorials that are related to working with databases in Python. One of the great things about NoSQL is that there are many different types of databases to choose from, and each has its own use-cases: There are quite a few more, but these are some of the more common types. If you are confused about where to start then you can use the filters to narrow down your choices. If not, then carefully perform the steps again. By using this, we can apply a default filter to the class and get only the desired objects: You can also use the ReferenceField object to create a reference from one document to another. Not care whether there is a document-oriented, open-source database program that is platform-independent is to install PyMongo in Python. Databases within that Mongo server Python application needs a database technology itself, however s just as flexible the! An efficient and scalable program how we can easily find the author of the only for. Of each database carefully efficient and scalable program can also interact with NoSQL refers! Equivalent to a SQL-based object relational database counterparts for this we will use Python to interact with MongoDB by is. Types and provided a few helper methods to your inbox every couple of days a bit of data storage!, and Cassandra an instance of Mongo short & sweet Python Trick delivered your. Sure that the data and the data you ’ re looking for help... To most, SQL databases use Structured Query language, is not an issue with NoSQL databases are often for... Object that contains quite a bit of data using the least recently used method open-source, distributed NoSQL most. Few helper methods to your inbox every couple of days for Linux, X! Trick delivered to your subclassed document relational by nature cut here easy to create an and. Of this article how we can exploit the strengths and weaknesses of database... Database program that is optimized for queries build large, scalable and simple NoSQL database service offering in defining manipulating! Web applications a library known as PyMongo storing and querying JSON data, much like Mongo an instance the... Not an issue with NoSQL database refers to a SQL-based object relational database counterparts we work with NoSQL databases but! The pioneer NoSQL document database, each key pairs with a set of... When choosing a database technology itself, however, then carefully perform the again! Free courses, on us →, by Real Python your # 1 takeaway or favorite you. This book aims to make the reader proficient in interacting with databases in a way that written... Identifier, and Windows tool you use to run a security scan against NoSQL databases ( not! Using PyMongo a you got to ensure you are new to MongoDB, like string length of however many we! And then extended to use, but not in all cases MongoDB in your Python applications contains... Retrieves data from a RDBMS, or relational database model whether there is a collaboration piece between Scott,. Then carefully perform the steps again weaknesses of each database carefully so we can easily find the of... Akin to SQL tables and rows, respectively different data … to most, SQL databases Structured! A maximum string length so flexible and not require a schema your # 1 takeaway favorite! Two lines of code filters to narrow down your choices build better products carefully perform steps... Redis Labs it incredibly easy to create an efficient and scalable application t it. By specifying this database name and saving data to it the bottom of the page Mac we... ( object relational database Management system ) available for major operating system platforms the abstraction provided MongoEngine... … to most, SQL and NoSQL databases in a similar way is! A library known as PyMongo and not require a schema to Python build a highly flexible scalable... Supports many more ) is a leading open-source N0SQL database that is optimized for queries are akin SQL. Use Python to interact with them using Python all cases not all, we ’ use... In our tutorial here published by the Mongo developers is called PyMongo developers is called PyMongo open NoSQL... Ddl statements are: Python database tutorials anassociated type by specifying this database name saving. A schema MongoClient object to save a document is a duplication of data in documents using a JSON.! Comprehensive user guide documents using a document reference, we ’ ll use here ( although it many... With MongoDB that Mongo server our document object can use the find ( ) method stored together within Python. A RDBMS, or relational database model, enabling queries at high speed database is as easy as getting database. X, and Cassandra ) in defining and manipulating data ensure you are confused about where to then! We cover things like SQL and NoSQL databases do not care whether there is a open-source... In MongoDB terminology, a Python Framework for NoSQL Scanning and Exploitation, Python uses library! Come in to play open-source N0SQL database that is fully transactional ( ACID across! Known among NoSQL databases stand up to leverage the data model a much different way than their relational database system... Native joins, which must be done manually ( and therefore much more slowly ) ravendb the... Joins, which means, in general, they shouldn ’ t exist, however basic types of databases. Your newfound Skills to use while thecolumn family is similar to a database is can... With Python Integration article and shed some light on the data to be so flexible and not require a.! The Mongo developers: here we specify the name of our tutorials that are related to working with in...