That is consistent with the tradition of a more antique crown, further decorated during the reign of Theoderic (with the addition of the enamels), and that was extensively restored during the reign of Charlemagne. Almost thirty European countries lay claim to a holy nail. Authorities at the Cathedral point out that, despite the centuries of exposure, the inner iron ring shows no rust. [12] This occurred in Milan on September 6, 1838. "[9] Twining notes that the clergy of Monza assert that despite the centuries that the Iron Crown has been exposed to public veneration, there is not a speck of rust on the essential inner iron ring. After the war between Austria and Italy, when the Austrians had to withdraw from Lombardy in 1859, the Iron Crown was moved to Vienna, where it remained until 1866 when it was given back to Italy after the Third Italian War of Independence. The crown became one of the symbols of the Kingdom of Lombards and later of the medieval Kingdom of Italy. More surprising findings came up however by the radiocarbon dating of fragments of beeswax used to fix the enamel plates to the gold foils of the crown. According to other opinions, however, the small size is due to a readjustment after the loss of two segments, as described in historical documents. However, a note from the Roman Ceremonial of 1159 provides that the Iron Crown is so called quod laminam quondam habet in summitate, stating that the iron was once laid over the crown (probably as an arc, as in other crowns of the era), not into it. The last to be crowned with the Iron Crown was Emperor Ferdinand I in his role as King of Lombardy and Venetia. The Crown of Scotland is the crown used at the coronation of the monarchs of Scotland. [citation needed], Lord Twining cites a hypothesis by Reinhold N. Elze that Gisela, the daughter of the Emperor Louis the Pious and married to Count Eberhard of Fruili, may have originally possessed the crown and left it to her son Berengar I on her death in 874. Nov. 17, 2020. It is kept in the Cathedral of Monza, in the suburbs of Milan. Sources speak of several nails dispensed by Helena and Constantine: Helena cast one into the sea to calm a storm, while another was incorporated into Constantine's helmet, another fitted to the head of a statue of the Emperor,[2] and a fourth melted down and molded into a bit for Constantine's horse. The queen then receives a ring with the word, "Receive the ring the sign of faith in the holy Trinity...", followed by the prayer, "Lord, the fount of all goodness,..." the queen is crowned with the words, "Receive the crown of glory...", followed by the prayers, "By our unworthy ministry..." and "Almighty, everlasting God, infuse the spirit..." The Mass said at this coronation was that of the Ambrosian Missa pro imperatore ('the Mass for the Emperor'). The queen's coronation begins with the prayer, "Almighty, everlasting God, fount and origin..." and is then followed by the consecratory prayer, "God who alone..." and the queen is then anointed on her shoulders with the form, "In the name...you are anointed with this oil,...", followed by the prayer, "The grace of the Holy Spirit...", The queen then receive a ring with the word, "Receive the ring the sign of faith in the holy Trinity...", followed by the prayer, "Lord, the fount of all goodness,..."[22] the queen is crowned with the words, "Receive the crown of glory...", followed by the prayers, "By our unworthy ministry..." and "Almighty, everlasting God, infuse the spirit..."[23]. The Italian film La corona di ferro (1941), directed by Alessandro Blasetti, tells a fantastic story about the arrival of the crown in Italy. 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