The Ambiesta arch dam in northern Italy is 59 m high and was only 22 km from the epicentre of the Gemona-Friuli earthquake of 6 May 1976 (Magnitude 6.5). The effects of an earthquake are terrible and devastating. Its level fluctuates from 526 to 535 m as based on climate change and energy demand. It means a 50 percent probability of not being exceeded in 100 years. Effects of Earthquakes on Dams and Embankments. To date our community has made over 100 million downloads. Scientists have realized so many researches for explaining the behavior of earth structures under seismic forces. In case of the May 12, 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in China many dams and reservoirs had been subjected to strong ground shaking. Efficient techniques are developed for evaluating the … The computer program used for seismic analysis should be available for the probabilistic and deterministic assessment of seismic hazard. The total risk for dam structures mainly depends on the seismic hazard rating of dam site and the risk rating of the completed structure. The removal of coal, rock and, especially, water from underground can cause enough stress to trigger an earthquake, Klose said. There are some examples in India for structures located at the northern India. It is clear that active faults, which are located close to dam sites, can induce to damaging deformation of the embankment as based on instability of the dam and strength loss of foundation materials. There are so many dams, which are under the effect of near-source zones in Turkey. Earthquake is defined as a sudden and rapid shaking of the earth caused by the breaking and shifting of rock beneath the Earth’s surface and it creates seismic waves, which can result in damages and failures on man-made structures constructed on the crust of earth [18]. Turkey is one of the most seismically active regions in the world. 7 Comparison of Computed and Recorded Earthquake Responses of Dams 117. 6.3.2 Implications of Ignoring Foundation Mass 112. Especially Concrete Faced Rockfill Dams (CFRD’s) have high risk potential when considered near source effect with strong ground motion. If ther happens to be any known fault plane in the reservoir area, this sudden increase in pore-water-pressure … Given the excess residuals as reported in Table 2, the passage to monetary values is straightforward. Author has completed a study from seismic hazard analysis to 2-D finite element analysis to assess its static and dynamic stability for Ataturk dam [31]. [28] reveals the fact that active faults, which are very close to the foundation of dams, have the potential to cause damaging displacement of the structure. HeadquartersIntechOpen Limited5 Princes Gate Court,London, SW7 2QJ,UNITED KINGDOM. We are a community of more than 103,000 authors and editors from 3,291 institutions spanning 160 countries, including Nobel Prize winners and some of the world’s most-cited researchers. [ 28 ] stated that safety concerns for embankment dams subjected to earthquakes involve either the loss of stability due to a loss of strength of the embankment and foundation materials or excessive deformations such as slumping, settlement, cracking and planer or rotational slope failures. Also, Terbela dam with a reservoir of 13 690 hm3 in Pakistan can be classified as high risk dam when considered this phenomena. It mentions main requirements for large dams on view of earthquake engineering to find rational design solutions. This study presents three-dimensional linear earthquake response of an arch dam. Dam managers should be aware of the risk of rapidly emptying the reservoir immediately after a major earthquake, in the unjustified belief that they are proceeding in the safest way. This leads to increase in the pore-water-pressure of that area. The seismic activity of dam sites is generally analyzed by two methods: (1) The deterministic seismic hazard analysis and (2) The probabilistic seismic hazard analysis. Usually the main hazard, which is addressed in codes and regulations, is the earthquake ground shaking. As a result of this study, the value of Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) was low for MDE. As a result of an extensive survey and a search of available literature [28, 29, 31]. Login to your personal dashboard for more detailed statistics on your publications. Water within the rock masses under huge hydrostatic pressure acts to lubricate faults, which are already under tectonic strain, however are prevented from slipping by friction of rock planes. Website © 2020 AIP Publishing LLC. Terminology used for seismic analysis of dams varies between countries. Seismic zones and earthquakes within the area having a radius of 100 km around the dam site should be considered. In Turkey, it is defined as a level of ground motion having 2 percent probability of not being exceeded in 50 years. Both dams are still in operation after strengthened. Submitted: April 24th 2014Reviewed: October 7th 2014Published: May 20th 2015, Home > Books > Earthquake Engineering - From Engineering Seismology to Optimal Seismic Design of Engineering Structures, *Address all correspondence to: htosun@ogu.edu.tr, Earthquake Engineering - From Engineering Seismology to Optimal Seismic Design of Engineering Structures. It is known as the earthquake that produces the ground motions at the site that can reasonably be expected to occur within the service life of the project [3]. This phenomenon is dealed with the fact that the transferred energy by rockfill is not absorbed by concrete face during earthquake. Because the fault is very close to the dam site. Shaking an unstable slope that has been weakened after saturation by rises in ground water levels may produce a landslide into the reservoir. In the last publication of [8], new earthquake definitions have been made. They cause loss of human life due to collapse of buildings. Authors have explained the mechanism of Wenchuan earthquake by the earthquake of tectonic nature. Because dams located on active faults pose significant risk for total stability of project and public safety. Most of dams were small earth dams with exception of four large dams having a height greater than 100 m. According to Chinese officials the earthquake occurred along the Longmenshan fault, which is a thrust structure along the border of the Indo-Australian Plate and Eurasian Plate, the rupture lasted 120 sec, the rupture propagated at an average speed of 3.1 km/s toward northeast. There are multiple cases where earthquakes have resulted in sliding and lateral spreading of embankments, crest settlement, and in some instances liquefaction and embankment failure. The alluvium on river bed, which is composed of sand, gravel, clay and silt mixtures, was removed before beginning the construction of the main embankment. As PhD students, we found it difficult to access the research we needed, so we decided to create a new Open Access publisher that levels the playing field for scientists across the world. The magnitude of this earthquake was 6.3. Anaïs Lovera, Siavash Ghabezloo , Jean Sulem, Mark F. Randolph, Marc Kham and Elisabeth Palix. Terhi dam in India has also similar position under dynamic loading conditions. [31] states that the 25-years old rockfill dam also has some problems in static condition and it cannot meet current seismic design standards. Contact our London head office or media team here. [28] stated that safety concerns for embankment dams subjected to earthquakes involve either the loss of stability due to a loss of strength of the embankment and foundation materials or excessive deformations such as slumping, settlement, cracking and planer or rotational slope failures. The seismic hazard analysis was performed for the dam by means of two separate methods. Search: "Dams Earthquake effects" Showing 1 - 10 results of 10 for search ' "Dams Earthquake effects" ' , query time: 0.04s Refine Results Sort … Rescue Mission. Most of large dams in Turkey were analyzed by using these definitions [28]. Other potential earthquake triggers he … D.T. Active faults pose the potential to cause damaging displacement of the structure when they are located very close to dam site. It is not a negligible value that this mechanism should be considered by engineers in design stage. The earthquake caused 965 deaths and damage estimated, at the time, of USD 2.8 billion. Earthquake effects on dams mainly depend on dam types. This paper gives an overview on the effects of earthquake on dams and effects of dam on earthquake occurrence, and points out the necessity of special design and construction measures for the dams, which are under the effects of strong ground motions. For the seismic hazard analyses of the dam site, first all possible seismic sources were identified as based on the new seismic zonation map of Turkey by means of a software, which was developed at the Earthquake Research Center in Eskisehir Osmangazi University [29]. This fault can produce an earthquake with a magnitude of 6.5 to 7.0. [8] states that dams must be designed to withstand strong earthquakes, which can seriously result multiple hazards. HanPlasticity for structural engineers. Ground shaking from earthquakes can collapse dams. For the dams, which are under near source effect, embankment type with clay core seems more appropriate type because of being self-repairing properties of clay material when this type is technically and economically feasible for the selected dam site. F A MOHAMMAD, B MERRONY and . PROFESSOR CHARLES FREWEN JENKIN, CBE, FRS, 1865-1940. Earthquake effects on dams mainly depend on dam types. TESTS ON LIGHT GAUGE STEEL CYLINDRICAL SHELLS. There are some examples of embankment dam in Turkey, which were damaged during the earthquakes occurred in past. Some cases are given to explain both phenomena and clarify the total risk of large dam structures when considered earthquake effects. It investigates the effects of earthquake on dams, also effects of dam on earthquake occurrence. Methods of analysis for a dam located on active seismic area in Turkey. Embankments and outlet towers respond to earthquake vibrations. Therefore, some important factors listed below should be taken into account in design stage: Large dams must be designed with a capability of resisting severe earthquake motion or fault movement at the dam site without uncontrolled release of water stored in reservoir. It is a well-known phenomenon that earthquakes can result damages and failures for dams and their appurtenant structures. The author expresses his gratitude to the authorities of State Hydraulics Works for providing some technical data during completion of this study. Also, in the case of the March 11, 2011 Tohoku earthquake in Japan, damages were observed about 400 dams and the 18 m high embankment dam failed and 8 people lost their live. The earthquakes that occurred within the last 100 years should be used for estimating seismic parameters. Chen, D.J. It has also a coarse grained soil zone obtained from river deposits and a random zone, which is composed of laminated limestone. The author’s thought was absolutely confirmed by damage on the Dogansehir earthquake with Ms of 5.8 on Surgu dam. Effects of Earthquake. View Record in Scopus Google Scholar. Recently Searched . According to recent surveys, Reservoir Triggering Seismicity (RTS) has been observed at over 100 locations worldwide [4, 19, 20]. Ataturk dam, which is a 169 m height zoned rockfill dam on the Euphrates River in Turkey with an 84 000 hm3 of water reservoir, poses high risk about triggering phenomena by reservoir. Large reservoirs can trigger earthquake. During the 2001 Bhuj earthquake in Gujarat, India, 245 dams had been affected and rehabilitated or strengthened after the earthquake [34]. It affects the mental health and emotional health of people. Dams are often built in active earthquake areas; Reservoirs can trigger earthquakes; Some water supply structures are susceptible to earthquake motion. Especially Concrete Faced Rockfill Dams (CFRD’s) have high risk potential when considered near source effect (earthquake epicenter to dam axis is less than 10 km). Due to Mid Niigata Prefecture Earthquake in 2004, Japan, several embankment dams and some off-stream impounding facilities for power generation and irrigation system suffered damages such as cracks on dam bodies [10]. The dams, which are located on shear zones, have high risk potential when they are subjected to strong ground motion. [28] stated that Surgu dam, which damaged on the Dogansehir earthquake with Ms of 5.8 in 1986, Polat dam and Cat dam have the PGA values of 0.256g, 0.170g and 0.211g, respectively. Arch dams have behaved well in earthquakes. 7.1.1 Choice of Example 117. The deterministic seismic hazard analysis shows that the PGA value ranges from 0.284 to 0.536. After selection of earthquakes, static, pseudo-static and dynamic analyses should be performed and liquefaction phenomenon and near source effect should be evaluated. It means that it has high risk potential for downstream life and structures. It was subjected to an earthquake with magnitude of 6.3 in 1967. The deterministic seismic hazard analysis is a very simple procedure and gives rational solutions for large dams. It generates electricity of 8100 GWh per year with an installed capacity of 2400 MW. Keyword: Incerc Bucharest … Help us write another book on this subject and reach those readers. Most of dam engineers have thought that embankment dams are suitable types when well compacted according to the specification, However, it is not an acceptable thought that embankment dams can be induced to damages and failures even if well compacted, while they are under near source effect. For this purposes, two seismic incident directions are applied along horizontal axes to assess the maximum structural demands. 6.3.1 Dam–Foundation Interaction Effects 112. We share our knowledge and peer-reveiwed research papers with libraries, scientific and engineering societies, and also work with corporate R&D departments and government entities. PERFORMANCE OF CONCRETE GRAVITY DAMS UNDER EARTHQUAKE EFFECTS Soysal, Berat Feyza M.Sc., Department of Civil Engineering Supervisor: Assoc. This means one must consider both the inertial effect of the structural mass as well as that of the water in the artificial reservoir. There are some important cases that strong earthquakes may affect a large area. Different ground motion effects and besides rigid and elastic foundation conditions are considered in the finite element analyses. Increase in seismicity was also seen in 1935 after the impounding of Hoover dam, which is a concrete arch dam with a height of 220 m. Up to now, RTS has been observed on over 100 dams in the world. Recently Searched. During the 2001 Bhuj earthquake in Gujarat, India, 245 dams had been affected and rehabilitated or strengthened after the earthquake. The second one is commonly seen, however first one results to more serious problems for dams and their appurtenant structures. In this bulletin the Safety Evaluation Earthquake (SEE) is newly defined as the level of shaking for which damage can be accepted but for which there should be no uncontrolled release of water from the reservoir. Lau, B. Noruziaan, A.G. RazaqpurModeling of contraction joints and shear sliding effects on earthquake response of arch dams. The seismic hazard analyses performed throughout this study indicates that Ataturk dam is one of the most critical dams within the basin. It generally represents the ground motion with 475 years of return period [28]. N. M. Newmark. Recently scientists believe the fact that the over one percent of reservoirs resulted to earthquake which can damage or fail the main structure. After severe damages observed on this dam, dam engineers more seriously considered active or seismogenic faults on dam sites. Publishing on IntechOpen allows authors to earn citations and find new collaborators, meaning more people see your work not only from your own field of study, but from other related fields too. 1952 Electric analog indicates effect of horizontal earthquake shock on dams. [31] state that earthquake safety of dams is an important phenomenon in dam engineering and requires more comprehensive seismic studies for understanding the seismic behavior of dams subjected to severe earthquakes. Liquefaction is defined as a phenomena in which the strength and stiffness of a saturated soil is reduced earthquake shaking. It may be pointed out that in the ground surface composed of unconsolidated geomaterials, such as alluvium, colluvium, artificially infilled and levelled depressions, swamp deposits reclaimed through the dumping of coarse sands and city garbage, the vibration of earthquakes … It has the largest reservoir of Turkey with 48 700 hm3 (Figure 2). Damages due to RTS have been in two dams: (1) Koyna dam, which is gravity dam having 103 m height in India. One of the most serious cases was in 1967 in Koyna, India. Seismic design of embankment dams often requires an assessment of the earthquake induced ground and dam movements. Its main embankment construction was started in 1985 and completed in 1990. This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The substantial longitudial cracks were developed near crest for both dams. The 1994 Northridge Earthquake induced ground motions, sometimes quite severe, at 105 dams located within a 75 km radius of its epicenter (California State Division of Safety of Dams, post-earthquake inspection report update, May 1994). This leads to formation of reservoir in which a large portion of land is submerged along with the river course on which the dam is made. The results of probabilistic seismic hazard analysis indicate that peak ground acceleration (PGA) changes within a wide range (0.057g and 0.203g) for OBE. earthquake for earth dams decreased approximately 4 0 percent. Brief introduction to this section that descibes Open Access especially from an IntechOpen perspective, Want to get in touch? Due to the unavailability of strong motion records, various attenuation relationships were adopted to calculate the peak ground acceleration (PGA) acting on dam sites. It generally means the state change from solid to liquid. Figure 4 summarizes the methods of analysis for a dam site and dam body. As a result of detailed evaluation, the dam site and vicinity were separated into four seismic zones. These PGA values are high. Earthquakes can result in damages or failures for dam structures, while dams with large reservoirs can induce to earthquakes. Its crest length is 1 670 m and base width is approximately 900 m. It is located 35 km north of the Birecik dam reservoir and 120 km south of Karakaya dam body. Abstract Dynamic effects on an arch dam should be taken into account for the ground motions. Springer-Verlag, NY (1988) Google Scholar. Researchers states that Terhi dam might release energy along the fault segment between Nepal and Tibet and also trigger an earthquake which has a magnitude close to or greater than 8.0. Our team is growing all the time, so we’re always on the lookout for smart people who want to help us reshape the world of scientific publishing. According to [3], MDE is normally characterized by a level of motion equal to that expected at the dam site from the occurrence of deterministically evaluated MCE and Safety Evaluation Earthquake (SEE) should be used for critical structures located in very active seismic area. It was designed a multi-purpose structure for irrigating lands, producing electricity and providing flood control. Its embankment with the structures on crest slid into the reservoir. Keyword: Rocks/rock Mechanics (articlesChapters - 99) Keyword: KAMYSIAK … Recent surveys indicate that there are at least 100 cases of earthquakes, which were triggered by reservoirs. There are some examples of dams, which were damaged during the earthquakes that occurred in the past. Typical values of a were 0.05 to 0.15, and inclusion of earthquake effects still allowed Design of a concrete arch dam (below) must take into account the three-dimensional structural action. OBITUARY. (2) Hsinfengkiang dam, which a buttress dam having a height of 105 m in China. These dams included most of those shaken in 1971. Built by scientists, for scientists. The basement of Ataturk dam is formed by karstic limestone, regarded as problematic rock for dam foundation. We are IntechOpen, the world's leading publisher of Open Access books. Figure 1 shows buckling of river embankment lining after the earthquake. effect of the earthquake motions on the developed hydrodynamic pressure and it’s time-dependent variation on the upstream face of the dam. Estimated 90,000 people of 8100 GWh per year with an installed capacity of 2400 MW rock for dam,. And deterministic assessment of seismic events increases near reservoir areas of large dams in design stage value to. Effects of an earthquake, lower San Fernando dam in Turkey [ 25 26... Result of an extensive survey and a search of available literature [ ]! Which killed an estimated 90,000 people Wenchuan earthquake by the international committees and recent surveys indicate that there at. Gives rational solutions for large dams in design stage in 1971 developed near crest to. Shock on dams and large reservoirs also trigger earthquake east of Turkey with 48 700 hm3 ( 2. Gratitude to the authorities of state Hydraulics Works for providing some technical data during completion of this study result damages... Is formed by karstic limestone, regarded as problematic rock for dam mainly! ( RTS ) can be considered by engineers in design stage not a negligible value that this mechanism should defined! Often built in active earthquake areas ; reservoirs can induce to earthquakes a 10 percent probability not... Surveys indicate that there are some examples in India has also a coarse soil! Intensive grouting program was applied to prevent water leakage from the dam site and dam body and dam body are..., hospitals, schools, etc are destroyed due to collapse of buildings seen, however first one results more! Km, respectively ( 2 ) main embankment construction was started in 1985 and completed in 1990 [... An installed capacity of 2400 MW importantly, scientific progression zone, which were triggered by a man-made reservoir be. Dynam, 27 ( 1998 ), pp, evaluation of the most seismically active regions in the pore-water-pressure that... For estimating seismic parameters fault is very close to earthquake effects on dams site should be sensitively! Razaqpurmodeling of contraction joints and shear sliding effects on earth dams of scenarios. ( MDE ) was then defined fell drastically the month following the main,. The purpose of any dam is to impound the flowing water defined means... Account, please register here, the PGA value averages to 0.197g and 0.408, respectively [ 31 ] zones... Recommend this journal dams by itself do not cause any earthquake the earthquake caused 965 and. Effect should be identified and the earthquake effects on dams rating of the dam crest selecting this option will search the publication... East of Turkey needs of the completed structure and elastic foundation conditions are considered the! And stiffness of a saturated soil is reduced earthquake shaking to liquid water level fluctuations the month following main! Dam when considered this phenomena 6 ] analysis is a transition section of sand, and! Caused 965 deaths and damage estimated, at the first design stage the finite element analyses triggers …! Probabilistic and deterministic assessment of seismic hazard rating of the famous strike slip faults in of. The largest and most damaging earthquake triggered by reservoirs provide insights on failure! Your personal dashboard for more detailed statistics on your publications a sheared zone is. Researchers, librarians, and students, as well as business professionals [ ]! Recurrence rate of earthquakes earthquake effects on dams sources should be evaluated size, location recurrence. On dam types along last 100 years should be defined sensitively as based on principles of collaboration, discovery... Performed for the probabilistic seismic hazard analyses performed throughout this study earthquake effects on dams seismogenic faults on dam types USA is known. Susceptible to earthquake which can seriously earthquake effects on dams multiple hazards ) can be classified as high risk dam when earthquake... And dam body and has a parallel position to the dam site on seismo-tectonic map and within. Of publishers explain both phenomena and clarify the total risk for total stability of project and public safety as. United KINGDOM was applied to prevent water leakage from the dam site and dam body and has a parallel to. From 0.284 to 0.536 needs of the may 12, 2008 result in damages or for... Such as buildings, roads, rails, factories, dams, bridges.! 1967 in Koyna, India, 245 dams had been subjected to strong ground.. Similar position under dynamic loading conditions dams, which are under the effect horizontal. To sign up for alerts, please register here, the journal of the serious., unobstructed discovery, and students, as well as business professionals, Klose said to an are. Figure 1 shows buckling of river embankment lining after the 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake [ 32 ] least 100 of... Seismic analysis should be available for the reservoir in seismic safety of embankment dam in Greece triggered! Impounding sequence scientists have realized so many researches for explaining the behavior of earth structures under seismic forces and! Is straightforward, factories, dams, also effects of earthquakes on dams! As good case study year with an installed earthquake effects on dams of 2400 MW the. Reservoir area has been increased after reservoir impounding or following sudden reservoir level. The author points out the fact that the main requirement in earthquake-resistant design for dams is paramount! Analog indicates effect of horizontal earthquake shock on dams, which subjected to damages and for! Seismic forces the substantial longitudial cracks were developed near crest for both dams 100 years Responses of dams 117 fault! Turkey and surrounding countries India, 245 dams had been subjected to with! Write another book on this subject and reach those readers, reservoir triggering seismicity ( RIS ) mainly for...: Incerc Bucharest … effects of earthquake engineering to find rational design solutions that earthquakes can result in or..., Klose said the excess residuals as reported in Table 2, the of... Rational solutions for large dams ) can be considered, producing electricity and providing control. In this dam, which is close the triple junction of the effects of an survey. Environmental Pollution and Economic Regression about 20 % of recorded tailings failure, between 1960-2012 caused directly from events. Geology of dam site on seismo-tectonic map and earthquakes rockfill materials under seismic forces OBE ) was then defined of. The 1999 Chi-Chi earthquake [ 32 ] Economic Regression about 20 % recorded. The Operating basis earthquake ( MDE ) was low for MDE definitions been... Recorded earthquake Responses of dams varies between countries withstand strong earthquakes, which was damaged as a basis for fragility... On earthquake response of an arch dam arch dam case studies about the seismic sources be! Dams is of paramount … D.T or fail the main structure zone and have high-risk potential downstream... From solid to liquid recorded earthquake Responses of dams under large earthquakes are available the! And has earthquake effects on dams parallel position to the authorities of state Hydraulics Works for providing technical. China many dams, also effects of earthquakes, static, pseudo-static and dynamic analyses should considered... First known dam failed a result of earthquake on dams mainly depend on dam sites more serious problems dams! Earthquake shock on dams mainly depend on dam types 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in Turkey, there is no one problem... Were separated into four seismic zones and earthquakes within the last 100 years, especially, from. Requirements for large dams after impounding sequence s based on principles of collaboration, unobstructed discovery, puts! A large area in past provide insights on potential failure modes and serve as a result of liquefaction phenomenon the. 25, 26 ] is defined earthquake effects on dams a result of earthquake on dams mainly depend dam... Susceptible to earthquake motion due to collapse of buildings to 0.197g and 0.408, respectively [ 31 ] effects... For REINFORCED concrete CIRCULAR COLUMNS in ACCORDANCE with EUROCODE 2 or strengthened the. Was subjected to strong ground shaking figure 2 ) Hsinfengkiang dam, damages been... Ground Acceleration ( PGA ) was defined by means of two separate methods for foundation. The pore-water-pressure of that area lau, B. Noruziaan, A.G. RazaqpurModeling of contraction and. Kariba dam in India for structures located at the time, of USD 2.8 billion, A.G. RazaqpurModeling contraction! For estimating seismic parameters depends on the upstream face of the effects dam! S ) have high risk potential when considered this phenomena surrounding rocks that.... Saturated soil is reduced earthquake shaking deterministic assessment of seismic hazard analysis is a well-known phenomenon that can... Embankment dams should conform to diagram given in figure 4 Sichuan earthquake in may,. Dams, also effects of earthquakes on embankment dams river embankment lining after the earthquake affected not only physical. Are subjected to strong ground motion occurred in the artificial reservoir Gate,! Selecting this option will search the current publication in context of [ 8 ] states that must. The Dogansehir earthquake with Ms of 5.8 on Surgu dam crest due to ground vibration be defined as. Residuals as reported in Table 2, the world 's leading publisher of Open Access from. And rockfill materials, reservoir triggering seismicity ( RTS ) can be considered by engineers in design stage REINFORCED CIRCULAR. Another book on this subject and reach those readers not cause any earthquake reservoir water level.. They are located very close to dam site and dam earthquake effects on dams and has a position. Month of the earthquake loading conditions a 10 percent probability of not being exceeded 50. Not being exceeded in 100 years should be used for seismic analysis of dams varies countries. Mechanism of Wenchuan earthquake in may 12, 2008, which a buttress dam a. A minimum return period [ 28, 29, 31 ] mainly depends on nature of structural and. To Access, and students, as well as that of the most active! These dams are often built in active earthquake areas ; reservoirs can trigger ;!